Infertility arises when a couple is unable to conceive after engaging in regular unprotected sexual activity. Problems with the uterus, ovulation, egg number, and quality are all possible reasons for infertility in women.
Treatment options may include in vitro fertilisation (fertilising eggs with sperm in the lab to create embryos, then transferring the embryo into the uterus) and artificial insemination (injecting washed sperm into the uterus after ovulation).
Cervical cerclage, also known as a cervical stitch, is a treatment for cervical weakening, which occurs when the cervix shortens and opens prematurely during pregnancy, resulting in a late miscarriage or premature birth.
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as two or three miscarriages or biochemical losses in a row, occurs in 1%–3% of women of reproductive age. Immune dysfunction, such as autoimmunity, thrombophilia, endocrine dysfunction, and obesity, are all important risk factors.
The use of heparin and low-dose aspirin in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, vaginal micronized progesterone in individuals with three or more miscarriages, and intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with secondary recurrent pregnancy loss are the most well-documented treatments.