Best Neurology Hospital in India

Symptoms of Brain Hemorrhage:

• Seizures
• Stiff neck
• Loss of consciousness
• Sensitivity to bright light
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Drooping eyelid—Weakness of the muscles controlling the eyelid
• Nausea or vomiting, especially when accompanied by a severe headache

Causes for Brain Hemorrhage:

• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
• Head Trauma to individuals under the age of 50
• A weak spot in a blood vessel that can rupture (a brain aneurysm).
• Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
• Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA), where excess protein buildup weakens the vessels
• Blood/bleeding disorders and anticoagulants
• Brain Tumors
• Recreational drug abuse
• Others: vasculitis or pregnancy complications like eclampsia

Symptoms of Epilepsy:

• Aura (warning sensation)
• Memory loss
• Mood changes
• Loss of consciousness
• Convulsions (sudden jerks or shaking)
• Muscle stiffness
• Fluctuations in the senses (tingling, vision/hearing/taste/smell issues)
• Staring spells
• Repetitive movements (lip-smacking, etc.)
• Bowel/bladder issues

Causes for Epilepsy:

• Idiopathic, unknown cause in 50% of the cases
• Genetic Factors like Family history
• Brain Injury due to head trauma
• Brain Conditions: Stroke or tumours
• Infections, such as Meningitis or encephalitis
• Prenatal issues linked with any brain damage before birth or autism
• Metabolic Disorders
• Autoimmune Disorders

Brain Tumor Symptoms:

• Difficulty concentrating
• Loss of memory
• Shifts in personality and confusion
• Seizures
• Vision problems: blurred, double, loss of peripheral vision
• Speech difficulties: finding words, slurring, understanding
• Weakness/numbness on one side
• Balance/coordination issues
• Hearing loss/tinnitus
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Smell, taste and hormonal changes

Causes of Brain Tumor:

• High doses of radiation exposure to the head
• Genetic factors/inherited conditions
• Runs in the family
• Specific age groups
• Exposure to certain chemical substances
• Previous cancer patients
• Weakened Immune System

Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

• Seizures
• Slurred speech
• Irritability or anxiety
• Worsening headache
• Loss of consciousness
• Vision/hearing problems
• Dizziness/balance issues
• Major behavioural changes
• Difficulty with concentration
• Changes in the sleep pattern
• Confusion or an altered state of mind
• Changes in eating and sleeping patterns, as well as emotions and body coordination, in children

Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury

• Stairwell fall
• Getting hit by objects
• Car crashes among young adults
• Military injuries (explosions/combat)
• Violence: Gunshots, assaults, abuse
• Injuries due to contact and high-impact sports
• Anything that causes a brutal hit or jolt to the head

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease:

• Poor body balance
• Depression and anxiety
• Loss of smell (anosmia)
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Bradykinesia (slow movement)
• Tremor and stiffness of limbs and trunk
• Constipation and other digestive issues
• Skin problems like seborrheic dermatitis
• Sleep problems: Insomnia, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behaviour disorder
• Speech changes: Softer voice, monotone, and slurred speech
• Cognitive changes: Memory problems, slowed thinking, and executive dysfunction

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease:

• Specific gene mutations (like in SNCA, LRRK2, GBA, PRKN, and PINK1)
• Sporadic (found in people without a known family history).
• Industrial pollutants and heavy metals
• Pesticides and herbicides
• Likely repetitive head injuries

Read more about – Parkinson’s Disease

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease:

• Mood/personality changes
• Difficulty recognizing people
• Difficulty planning usual tasks
• Loss of verbal communication
• Forgetfulness or repetitive talk
• Trouble solving routine problems
• Confusion with physical orientation
• Increased memory loss and confusion

Causes of Alzheimer’s disease:

• Age
• Obesity
• Smoking
• High cholesterol
• Genetics factors
• Lack of exercise
• High blood pressure
• Poorly managed diabetes
• Plaque accumulation between the brain cells
• Fibres from another protein get tangled with another protein

Symptoms of Dementia:

• Memory loss: Difficulty with complex tasks, problems with daily tasks, and difficulty with self-care
• Poor reasoning/judgment
• Problem in communicating
• Lack of spatial awareness
• Psychotic Symptoms: Delusions (false beliefs), and hallucinations (seeing/hearing things)
• Behavioural or psychological symptoms: Personality changes (irritable, suspicious), depression/anxiety, agitation/restlessness, and disinhibition (impulsive behavior)

Causes of Dementia:

• Protein buildup in the brain
• Age
• Severe or repeated head injuries
• Certain infections, like HIV or syphilis
• Reduced blood flow to the brain, often after strokes
• Abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies are found in the brain.
• When Parkinson’s is left untreated.
• Genetic disorder causing brain cell breakdown

Symptoms of Spinal Cord Disorders:

• Mild to paralyzing weakness in the arms or legs.
• Numbness/Loss of Sensation
• Localized or radiating pain
• Difficulty controlling Bowel movements or bladder frequency
• Muscle stiffness or spasms
• Irregular reflexes

Causes for Spinal Cord Disorders:

• Trauma: Vehicle injuries, acts of violence, or sports injuries
• Spinal cord compression: Herniated discs, spinal stenosis, dislocations, or bone fractures
• Diseases and conditions affecting the spinal cord: Multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and syrinxes (fluid-filled cavities).

Symptoms of Herniated Discs:

• Reduced Reflexes
• Weakness in affected muscles
• Serious bowel or bladder problems
• Numbness or tingling sensations radiating down the limbs
• Sharp pain in the back, neck, leg (sciatica), or arm that worsens with movement

Causes for Herniated Discs:

• Age-related wear and tear causes it to lose flexibility over time
• Using the back force when lifting instead of the legs
• Repetitive strain due to bending, twisting, and heavy lifting

Symptoms of Sciatica

• Shooting leg pain in the back of the leg
• Numbness/Tingling sensation in the leg or foot
• Weakness in the leg or foot muscles
• Chronic coughing and sneezing
• Shock-like intense pain

Causes for Sciatica

• A bulging disc presses on the nerve (herniated disc)
• A narrowed spinal canal squeezes nerves (spinal stenosis)
• Bone overgrowth compresses nerves (bone spurs)
• A Vertebra slips and pinches nerves (spondylolisthesis)
• A tight buttock muscle irritating a nerve (piriformis syndrome)

Symptoms of Spondylitis:

• Fatigue
• Swelling in joints
• Back and hip pain
• Pain in other joints
• Limited body movement
• Pain in tendons or ligaments (e.g., heels)
• Possible eye pain associated with redness

Causes for Spondylitis:

• Environmental triggers
• Wear and tear that comes with age
• Autoimmune reaction attacking joints
• Genetic mutation of the HLA-B27 gene
• Linked conditions, such as psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease

Symptoms of Migraine:

• Aura
• Headache
• Mood changes
• Nausea and vomiting
• Difficulty concentrating
• Hypersensitivity to light and sound

Causes of Migraine:

• Abnormal brain activity
• Family history of migraines
• Hormonal changes around menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause
• Triggering factors: Stress, skipping meals, weather changes, and changes in sleep patterns

Symptoms of Headaches:

• Location of the pain: it could be in the forehead, around the head, in one eye, or in the cheekbones.
• Pain intensity/severity: The nature of the pain could be sudden, intense, dull, aching, throbbing, severe, throbbing, burning, or stabbing.
• Nausea and vomiting

Causes of Headaches:

• Brain chemistry imbalances
• Nerve pathway issues
• Muscle tension
• Triggers: Stress, sleep, diet, environment, and hormones
• Head injury
• Sinus/other infections
• Dehydration
• Caffeine/medication withdrawal
• High blood pressure

Read more about – Headache

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis:

• Severe fatigue
• Mood changes
• Muscle spasms
• Blurred or double vision
• Bladder/bowel problems
• Pain with eye movement
• Weakness in the arms or legs
• Difficulty walking and dizziness
• Numbness or tingling sensation in the limbs or face

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis:

• Smoking
• Age, Sex, and Race
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Immune System Dysfunction
• Low vitamin D or sun exposure
• Obesity in childhood or adolescence
• Genetic factors like the mutation of the HLA-B27 genes

Symptoms of Myositis:

• Muscle weakness
• Muscle pain or aching
• Extreme fatigue
• Difficulty in swallowing and breathing
• Red or purple-colored skin rashes may appear on the eyelids, face, neck, and hands.

Causes of Myositis:

• Autoimmune response
• Genetics factors
• Viral infections
• Medications
• Temporary inflammation from various injuries
• Sometimes linked to cancer or nutrient imbalances

Symptoms of Myopathies:

• Muscle weakness
• Muscle cramps or spasms
• Muscle pain or soreness (myalgia)
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or speaking (dysarthria)
• Shortness of breath
• Waddling gait
• Large calf muscles (pseudohypertrophy)
• Muscle atrophy
• Irregular deep tendon reflexes
• Skin rashes
• Heart problems

Causes of Myopathies:

• Passed down from parents
• Inflammation (myositis)
• Hormone problems (endocrine)
• Drugs or toxins
• Infections
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Severe illness
• Autoimmune diseases

Symptoms of Transverse Myelitis:

• Sexual dysfunction
• Burning or cold sensations
• Weakness in the arms or legs
• Tingling or prickling sensations (paresthesia)
• Increased sensitivity to touch (hyperesthesia)
• A band-like sensation of tightness around the torso
• Sharp and shooting pains, or dull and aching pain
• Bowel and bladder dysfunction: Difficulty urinating, bladder retention, bladder or bowel incontinence, constipation

Causes of Transverse Myelitis:

• Viral infections (like herpes and flu), bacterial infections (like Lyme), fungi, or parasites.
• Autoimmune Diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Lupus, etc.
• Inflammation, like sarcoidosis.
• Blood Flow Issues
• Vaccination (Rare)

Symptoms of Paralysis:

• Weakened muscles can be stiff or floppy
• Bowel and bladder control problems
• May affect speech or swallowing
• Numbness in the affected area
• Tingling sensation or pain
• Inability to move part or all of the body (permanently or temporarily)
• In severe cases, it can cause breathing issues or an altered state of mind

Causes of Paralysis:

• Damage to the Brain: Stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ALS
• Damage to the Spinal Cord: Injury, tumors, or transverse myelitis
• Damage to the peripheral nerves: Guillain-Barré syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, Bell’s palsy, nerve injuries
• Severe muscle diseases (myopathies)
• Temporary conditions like sleep paralysis

Symptoms of GBS:

• Weakness in the feet and legs
• Tingling or “pins and needles” sensations in the fingers and toes
• Loss of reflexes, such as the knee-jerk reflex
• Extreme weakness
• Difficulty with walking
• Difficulty with eye movement, speaking, chewing, or swallowing occurs when the nerves in the face and throat are affected
• Double vision (diplopia)
• Problems with bladder and bowel control
• Difficulty breathing

Causes of GBS:

• Autoimmune response
• A bacterial or viral infection a few weeks prior
• Less common triggers include surgery, trauma, and very rarely, vaccinations
• Common triggers include food bacteria (Campylobacter), flu, Zika, and sometimes COVID-19

Symptoms of CIDP:

• Fatigue
• Possible pain
• Reduced or absent reflexes
• Difficulty walking or with coordination
• Numbness or tingling sensation in hands and feet
• Gradual and progressive weakness in the arms and legs

Causes of CIDP:

• Myelin damage
• Production of abnormal protein by the bone marrow
• Environmental triggers: exposure to certain toxins, vaccinations or viral or bacterial infections
• Other autoimmune diseases

Symptoms of Neurological Vasculitis:

• Severe and persistent headaches
• Difficulty concentrating and thinking
• Blurred or double vision, or even blindness
• Sudden uncontrollable seizures
• Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
• Difficulty maintaining balance and coordination issues
• Stroke and other neurological issues

Causes of Neurological Vasculitis:

• Primary CNS Vasculitis is idiopathic
• Secondary vasculitis may be triggered by other conditions, such as Hepatitis C, HIV, Sjögren’s syndrome, Behçet’s disease, and medication or drug overdose.

Symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy:

• Tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation
• Pain, which can be sharp, burning, or shooting
• Loss of ability to feel pain or temperature changes, sense vibrations or touch, balance or coordination
• Muscle weakness, cramps or twitching, and shrinking
• Difficulty with simple motor skills (e.g., tying a shoelace)
• Problems with digestion, blood pressure regulation, and bladder control
• Sexual dysfunction
• Excessive or complete lack of sweating
• Changes in the skin colour and temperature

Causes of Peripheral Neuropathy:

• Accidents or repetitive injuries
• Shingles or Lyme disease
• Diabetes
• Vitamin B, E, and copper deficiency
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Exposure to toxins like lead and mercury
• Hereditary conditions like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
• Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus

Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis:

• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Drooping eyelids (ptosis)
• Double vision (diplopia)
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and breathing
• Slurred speech (dysarthria)

Causes of Myasthenia Gravis:

• Autoimmune response
• Thymus gland abnormalities

Symptoms of Spinal Muscular Atrophy:

• Contraction of the joints
• Swallowing difficulties
• Respiratory problems
• Scoliosis
• Tongue twitching (fasciculations) and tremors

Causes of Spinal Muscular Atrophy:

• Less SMN protein
• Inherited from the family
• Degeneration and loss of motor neurons
• Genetic factors: mutation of the SMN1 gene

Symptoms of ADEM:

• Psychological issues: Weakness, numbness, tingling sensation, seizures, difficulty with coordination
• Gastrointestinal issues: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
• Fever, fatigue, and headache
• Vision problems: Optic neuritis or blurred vision

Causes of ADEM:

• Autoimmune response
• Infections like measles
• Vaccinations
• Genetic factors

Symptoms of Optic Neuritis:

• Vision loss
• Blurred vision
• Flashes of light
• Pain inside the eye
• Abnormal colour vision
• Loss of peripheral vision
• Changes in pupil response
• Autoimmune diseases like sarcoidosis

Causes of Optic Neuritis:

• Multiple sclerosis
• Certain medications
• Lyme disease or syphilis
• Autoimmune responses like neuromyelitis optica or lupus

Symptoms of Dystonia:

• Involuntary muscle contractions
• Postural abnormalities
• Speech difficulties
• Excessive blinking

Causes of Dystonia:

• Genetic factors: inherited or gene mutation
• Brain damage: Stroke, cerebral palsy, encephalitis, or brain tumours
• Medications, particularly antipsychotic drugs
• Lack of oxygen to the brain
• Exposure to heavy metals or carbon monoxide

Symptoms of Movement Disorders:

• Muscle rigidity
• Sexual dysfunction
• Gait and speech changes
• Blood pressure fluctuates
• Bladder or bowel problems
• Difficulty maintaining balance
• Slowness of the movement (bradykinesia)

Causes of Movement Disorders:

• Genetic conditions such as Huntington’s disease or Wilson’s disease
• Neurological diseases like parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or brain tumours
• Side effects of certain medications
• Metabolic disorders
• Brain injury

Symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia:

• Sudden, intense, and stabbing pain
• Frequent pain episodes
• Pain triggered by the common actions of eating, talking or a slight gust of wind
• Autonomic symptoms like tearing, redness of the eye, and excess salivation

Causes of Trigeminal Neuralgia:

• Neurovascular compression
• Multiple sclerosis
• Injury to the nerve
• Tumours, cysts or aneurysms
• Arteriovenous malformations

Symptoms of Hydrocephalus:

• Downward gazing of eyes
• Seizures
• Sleepiness and irritability
• Vomiting and poor feeding
• Bulging or tensing of the top part of the head
• Increase in the head size

Causes of Hydrocephalus:

• Brain tumors or brain injuries
• Abnormalities of the brain or spinal cord
• Bleeding in the space surrounding the brain
• Infections such as meningitis and encephalitis

Symptoms of Brain Abscess:

• Seizures
• Stiff neck
• Speech or vision problems
• Weakness or paralysis of one side of the body
• Changes in the mental state: Confusion, lethargy, drowsiness, and rarely coma

Causes of Brain Abscess:

• Head injuries
• Parasitic infection
• Surgical complications
• Infections that spread from other parts of the body

Symptoms of Encephalitis:

• Confusion or disorientation
• Changes in behaviour or personality
• Vision, hearing, and speech difficulties
• Muscle aches and weakness
• Severe headaches, sensitivity to light and sound, or seizures

Causes of Encephalitis:

• Brain tumors
• Viral infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
• Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections
• Autoimmune attack on the brain
• Post-infectious encephalitis

Symptoms of Meningitis:

• Confusion or disorientation
• Difficulty concentrating
• Purple-red skin rash
• Sensitivity to light
• Stiff neck
• Seizures

Causes of Meningitis:

• Age
• Traveling risks
• Weakened immune system
• Viral factors: Herpesvirus or arbovirus
• Bacterial factors: Pneumonia, meningitis or influenza
• Crowded living conditions like dorms or military barracks

Preview: These tests use electrodes to detect, translate, and record the electrical signals in your muscles and nerve cells.

Read More about — Needle Electromyography (EMG)

Preview: An EEG is an electrophysiological procedure used to detect the overall electrical activity in the brain through the wave patterns generated on the computer screen during the procedure to diagnose certain neurological disorders, such as seizures or epilepsy.

Read More About — Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Preview: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests are a series of tests to analyze if you have any serious conditions or diseases in your brain or spinal cord.

Read More about — CSF Analysis

Preview: This test is employed to evaluate neuromuscular conditions such as myasthenia gravis, which is performed by taking a section of muscle tissue from the thigh or upper arm to evaluate the cause behind the muscle weakness, cramps, and other concerns associated with muscles or nerves.

Preview: This biopsy test is employed in individuals with symptoms of tingling or numbness in the peripheral nerves, which involves taking a small section from the ankle or forearm to assess the health and condition of the peripheral nerves to diagnose conditions like peripheral neuropathy.

Preview: MRI is a neurological diagnostic tool whose purpose is to produce detailed images of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves from strokes and tumors to head injuries and trauma. The new 3.0 Tesla MRI, equipped with biomatrix technology, is preferred for its ability to deliver clear, high-resolution neuroimaging and oncology scanning. It detects small abnormalities and aids in the thorough evaluation of various neurological conditions.

Preview: A CT scan is employed to detect brain clots, lesions, injuries, intracranial bleeding & tumours and to obtain detailed images of the brain tissue and its internal structures through specialised X-ray technology to ease the diagnosis of critical conditions, mostly in emergency conditions such as stroke or traumatic injuries. We have advanced dual CT scans.

Read more about – Dual Source CT

Preview: A computerized X-ray machine called the DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography) test provides a clear and exclusive view of the blood vessels. This aids in understanding the problems associated with blood flow and rules out blood clots or aneurysms.

Read More About — Digital Subtraction Angiography

Preview: A positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses a radioactive tracer to create 3D images of the body’s internal organs and tissues. Unlike MRI or CT, which evaluate structural changes, PET scans at Yashoda Hospitals use cutting-edge technology to detect neurodegenerative diseases. They help assess the metabolic and functional status of the brain.

Preview: Neuro-endoscopy systems aim to provide a minimally invasive approach to diagnostics and treatment of neurological conditions, particularly of the brain and spinal cord. It particularly focuses on enhancing visualization and surgical access in hard-to-reach areas. Its goal is to minimize trauma, reduce complications, promote faster recovery, and produce optimal results.

Preview: It compares the chemical composition of the normal brain tissue with that of abnormal tumor tissue and can also be used to detect tissue changes during stroke or epilepsy. It helps determine the tumor type and its aggressiveness, and more accurately helps differentiate between tumor recurrence and radiation necrosis.

Preview: It is a test that measures magnetic impulses produced by the brain, aims to map the functional areas of the brain, including centres of sensory, motor, language, and memory activities, and identifies the precise location of epilepsy-related seizures.

Preview: Polysomnography, or sleep study analysis, is used to diagnose and monitor various sleep disorders by recording several body functions while the patient is asleep. This test measures functions, such as brain waves, oxygen levels in the blood, heart rate and breathing, and eye and leg movements.

Preview: These tests aim to assess neuronal activity in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, and diagnose and monitor a wide range of neurological conditions. These tests ultimately evaluate nerve behavior and help our specialists guide treatment decisions.