Acne

Acne - close-up of pustular lesions

Blackheads (comedones)

Blackheads (comedones) close-up

Acne, cystic on the chest

Acne, cystic on the back

Acne on the back

Alternative names   

Definition   

Causes and risks   

Acne is most common in adolescents, but it can occur at all ages. There seems to be a familial tendency to develop acne. The condition usually begins at puberty and may continue for many years. Three out of four teenagers have acne to some extent, probably caused by hormonal changes that stimulate the sebaceous (oil producing) skin glands. Other hormonal changes, such as can occur with menstrual periods, pregnancy, use of birth control pills, or stress, also aggravate acne.

Acne is caused when sebaceous glands within the hair follicles (pores) of the skin become plugged, because secretion occurs faster than the oil and skin cells can exit the follicle. The plug causes the follicle to bulge (causing whiteheads), and the top of the plug may appear dark (causing blackheads). If the plug causes the wall of the follicle to rupture, the oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria found normally on the surface of the skin can enter the skin and form small infected areas called pustules (also known as pimples or "zits"). If these infected areas are deep in the skin, they may enlarge to form firm, painful cysts.

Acne commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but may extend to the trunk, arms and legs.

Acne is not caused by dirt or by masturbation or other activities, but dirt and oil on the face can aggravate the condition. Other factors that increase the chances of acne are hormonal changes, exposure to weather extremes, stress, oily skin, endocrine disorders, certain tumors, and the use of certain drugs (such as cortisone, testosterone, estrogen, and others). Acne is not contagious. A tendency to have acne may persist through ages 30’s to early 40’s.

Prevention   

Symptoms   

Signs and tests

Treatment   

Treatment is designed to prevent formation of new lesions and aid the healing of old lesions.

Topical medications that dry up the oil and/or promote skin peeling may contain benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, salicylic acid or Vitamin A derivatives (retinoids).

Antibiotics (such as tetracycline or erythromycin) may be prescribed if the skin lesions appear infected. Topical antibiotics (applied to a localized area of the skin) such as clindamycin or erythromycin are also used to control infection.

Note: oral tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after they have all their permanent teeth, because it can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.

Synthetic Vitamin A analogues (isotretinoin, accutane) have been shown to be of benefit in the treatment of severe acne. However, pregnant women and sexually active adolescent females should not take this medication.  Severe birth defects occur.

Surgical intervention may include professional (chemical) skin peeling, removal of eruptions or scars (dermabrasion), or removal and/or drainage of cysts.

A small amount of sun exposure may improve acne. However, excessive exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet rays is not recommended because prolonged exposure increases the risk of skin cancer.

Home treatment may lessen the effects of acne:

Prognosis